In utero exposures to electronic-cigarette aerosols impair the Wnt signaling during mouse lung development.

* a study in PLoS One found that in utero exposures to e-cig aerosol impair mouse lung development.
* a study in the american Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology found that e-cig exposure in utero and in early life can result in long-term respiratory effects in mice.
* a study in Scientific Reports found that cotinine concentration in serum correlates with tobacco smoke-induced emphysema in mice, suggesting that serum cotinine levels may be a biomarker for smoke-induced lung damage.
* a study in ERJ Open Research found that maternal smoking in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma.
* a study in Development found that Smad1 and its target gene Wif1 coordinate BMP and Wnt signaling activities to regulate fetal lung development.

It's important to note that these studies were conducted in animal models and human studies are needed to confirm these findings. however, these studies suggest that in utero exposures to tobacco smoke and e-cig aerosol can have detrimental effects on lung development and health.

Noël a, hansen S, Zaman a, et al. In utero exposures to electronic-cigarette aerosols impair the Wnt signaling during mouse lung development. american journal of physiology Lung cellular and molecular physiology. 2020;318(4):L705-L722. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00408.2019