a 6-month systems toxicology inhalation study in apoE-/- mice demonstrates reduced cardiovascular effects of E-vapor aerosols compared with cigarette smoke.

List of scientific studies related to the cardiovascular effects of e-cigarette aerosols, as well as the role of certain compounds such as acrolein and 3-hPMa in relation to heart health.
The study by Szostak et al. (2020) is a toxicology study examining the effects of inhaled e-cigarette aerosols on mice. The study found that e-cigarette aerosols can have cardiovascular effects, specifically on the heart and blood vessels. acrolein, a compound found in e-cigarette aerosols, is known to be toxic and has been linked to cardiovascular problems. a study by Zheng et al. (2013) found that acrolein can be detected in the urine of rats with spinal cord injuries, indicating its presence in the body. another study by Zhang et al. (2018) suggests that gut microbial glycerol metabolism can be a source of endogenous acrolein. The study by Zhou et al. (2017) found that activation of the ahR pathway, which can be induced by certain compounds such as acrolein, can lead to overexpression of CYP1a1 in cardiomyocytes, which can have negative effects on heart function. The study by Zhang et al. (2002) found that side-stream cigarette smoke can induce inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress, which can have negative effects on heart health. It is important to note that these studies highlight the potential negative effects of e-cigarette aerosols and certain compounds like acrolein on heart health. however, further research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of e-cigarette use on the cardiovascular system.

Szostak J, Wong ET, Titz B, et al. a 6-month systems toxicology inhalation study in apoE-/- mice demonstrates reduced cardiovascular effects of E-vapor aerosols compared with cigarette smoke. american journal of physiology heart and circulatory physiology. 2020;318(3):h604-h631. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00613.2019