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high exposure to nicotine among adolescents who use Juul and other vape pod systems ('pods’).

Individual Clinical
Pharmacokinetics & Abuse Liability
Abuse Liability

Goniewicz (2019)

E-cigarette use (vaping) is associated with illicit drug use, mental health problems, and impulsivity in university students.

Individual Clinical
Pharmacokinetics & Abuse Liability
Abuse Liability

Grant (2019)

The “gateway” effect of e-cigarettes may be explained by a genetic liability to risk-taking.

Individual Clinical
Pharmacokinetics & Abuse Liability
Abuse Liability

hall (2021)

Impact of the e-cigarette era on cigarette smoking among youth in the United States: a population-level study.

Individual Clinical
Pharmacokinetics & Abuse Liability
Abuse Liability

harrell (2022)

Risk factors for early use of e-cigarettes and alcohol: Dimensions and profiles of temperament.

Individual Clinical
Pharmacokinetics & Abuse Liability
Abuse Liability

hartmann (2023)

Electronic nicotine delivery system use is related to higher odds of alcohol and marijuana use in adolescents: Meta-analytic evidence.

Individual Clinical
Pharmacokinetics & Abuse Liability
Abuse Liability

hershberger (2020)