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The Indirect Effect of Cigarette Smoking on e-Cigarette Progression via Substitution Beliefs

Population Clinical
Likelihood Of Use
Former Smokers Initiating ENDs

Audrain-McGovern (2022)

E-Cigarette Use and Transition in Adult Smoking Frequency: A Longitudinal Study.

Population Clinical
Likelihood Of Use
Former Smokers Initiating ENDs

Azagba (2020)