Clinical peri‐implant parameters and inflammatory cytokine profile among smokers of cigarette, e‐cigarette, and waterpipe

Introduction:
This text is a summary of a research article examining the impact of different types of smoking, including cigarette, e-cigarette, and waterpipe, on peri-implant health. The study compares clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters and proinflammatory cytokine profile in the peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) among smokers and non-smokers.

Key Points:

* The study included 40 participants in each group: cigarette smokers, e-cigarette users, waterpipe smokers, and non-smokers.
* Clinical examination included periodontal and peri-implant plaque index, bleeding on probing, and probing depth.
* Radiographic bone loss was assessed using digital periapical radiographs and viewed on a calibrated computer screen.
* Levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1p in PISF were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
* Mean peri-implant plaque index, probing depth, and total radiographic bone loss were significantly higher in cigarette smokers, e-cigarette users, and waterpipe smokers compared to non-smokers.
* Cigarette smokers and waterpipe smokers showed significantly higher probing depth and radiographic bone loss compared to e-cigarette users.
* Levels of proinflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in cigarette smokers, e-cigarette users, and waterpipe smokers compared to non-smokers.
* There were no significant differences in the mean levels of proinflammatory cytokines between cigarette smokers and waterpipe smokers.

Main Message:
The study highlights the negative impact of all types of smoking, including cigarette, e-cigarette, and waterpipe, on peri-implant health. The results suggest that smokers, regardless of the type of smoking, have poorer peri-implant health compared to non-smokers, with higher clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters and proinflammatory cytokine levels. The findings emphasize the importance of smoking cessation for better peri-implant health outcomes.

Alqahtani, Mohammed Ayedh, Abdullah Saeed Alayad, Abdulmonem Alshihri, Fernanda Oliveira Bello Correa, and Zohaib Akram. “Clinical Peri‐implant Parameters and Inflammatory Cytokine Profile among Smokers of Cigarette, E‐cigarette, and Waterpipe.” Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 20, no. 6 (December 2018): 1016–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/cid.12664.