Comparison of cotinine levels in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid among cigarette and waterpipe smokers, electronic‐cigarette users, and nonsmokers

Introduction:
This text is a summary of a scientific study that compares cotinine levels in the peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) among cigarette smokers, waterpipe users, electronic-cigarette users, and nonsmokers. The study aimed to determine if cotinine levels in the PISF could be used as a biomarker for peri-implant diseases in nicotine-product users.

Key Points:

* The study included 102 male participants, divided into four groups: cigarette smokers, waterpipe users, electronic-cigarette users, and nonsmokers.
* Participants' implant-related data, including implant dimensions and duration of implants in function, were recorded.
* Peri-implant probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BoP), and plaque index (Pl) were assessed in all groups.
* PISF was collected using standard techniques, and levels of cotinine in the PISF were measured.
* Sample-size estimation was performed, and statistical comparisons were done using one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc adjustment tests.
* Scores of peri-implant Pl and PD were significantly higher among cigarette smokers, waterpipe users, and electronic-cigarette users compared with nonsmokers.
* Peri-implant BoP was more often manifested in nonsmokers compared with cigarette smokers, waterpipe users, and electronic-cigarette users.
* The volume of collected PISF was significantly higher among cigarette and waterpipe smokers and electronic-cigarette users compared with nonsmokers.
* Cotinine levels were significantly higher in the PISF of cigarette and waterpipe smokers and electronic-cigarette users compared with nonsmokers.

Main Message:
The study found that habitual use of nicotinic products, including cigarettes, waterpipes, and electronic cigarettes, enhances the expression of cotinine in the PISF. The cotinine levels in the PISF of cigarette and waterpipe smokers and electronic-cigarette users are comparable. These findings suggest that cotinine levels in the PISF could be used as a biomarker for peri-implant diseases in nicotine-product users. The study also highlights the importance of community-based antitobacco campaigns and oral-health awareness/maintenance-related programs to educate patients about the hazards associated with the use of nicotinic products. Healthcare providers are also advised to advance their current knowledge with reference to evidence-based literature about the detrimental outcomes associated with nicotinic-product use.

Alqahtani, Fawaz, Mana Alqahtani, Ahmed Heji Albaqawi, Abdulaziz A. Al‐Kheraif, and Fawad Javed. “Comparison of Cotinine Levels in the Peri‐implant Sulcular Fluid among Cigarette and Waterpipe Smokers, Electronic‐cigarette Users, and Nonsmokers.” Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 21, no. 4 (August 2019): 702–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/cid.12813.