Design Features in Multiple Generations of Electronic Cigarette atomizers.
Nonclinical
Chemical
Analysis
Williams (2019)
Metal and Silicate Particles Including Nanoparticles are Present in Electronic Cigarette Cartomizer Fluid and aerosol
Non-clinical
Chemical
Analysis
Williams (2013)
Strategies to Reduce Tin and Other Metals in Electronic Cigarette aerosol
Non-clinical
Methods
Williams (2015)
Comparison of the Performance of Cartomizer Style Electronic Cigarettes from Major Tobacco and Independent Manufacturers
Non-clinical
Williams (2016)
Elements including metals in the atomizer and aerosol of disposable electronic cigarettes and electronic hookahs
Non-clinical
Chemical
Analysis
Williams (2017)
Effects of Model, Method of Collection, and Topography on Chemical Elements and Metals in the aerosol of Tank-Style Electronic Cigarettes.
Nonclinical
Chemical
Analysis
Williams (2019)
Chemical Elements in Electronic Cigarette Solvents and aerosols Inhibit Mitochondrial Reductases and Induce Oxidative Stress.
Nonclinical
Immunotoxicity
In Vitro
Williams (2020)
Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, and Nicotine in Unused and Used Electronic Cigarettes aged 5-10 Years and Effects of ph.
Nonclinical
Chemical
Analysis
Williams (2022)